Biography of Dorothy Height Civil Rights Leader

Dorothy Height (March 24, 1912–April 20, 2010) was a teacher, social service worker, and the four-decade-long president of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). She was called the godmother of the womens movement for her work for womens rights, and was one of few women present on the speaking platform during the 1963 March on Washington. Fast Facts: Dorothy Height Known For: Civil rights leader, known as the godmother of the womens movementBorn: March 24, 1912 in Richmond, VirginiaParents: James Edward and Fannie Burroughs HeightDied: April 20, 2010 in Washington, D.C.Education:  New York University, BA Education, 1930; MA Educational Psychology, 1935Published Works: Open Wide the Freedom Gates (2003)Spouse(s): NoneChildren: None Early Life Dorothy Irene Height was born on March 24, 1912, in Richmond, Virginia, the eldest of two children of James Edward Height, a building contractor, and nurse Fannie Burroughs Height. Both her parents had been widowed twice before, and both had children from the earlier marriages who lived with their family. Her one full sister was Anthanette Height Aldridge (1916–2011). The family moved to Pennsylvania, where Dorothy attended integrated schools. In high school, Height was noted for her speaking skills. She even earned a college scholarship after winning a national oratory competition. She also, while in high school, began participating in anti-lynching activism. She was accepted at Barnard College but was then rejected, with the school indicating it had filled its quota for black students.  She attending New York University instead.  Her bachelors degree in 1930 was in education and her masters in 1932 was in educational psychology. Beginning a Career After college, Dorothy Height worked as a teacher in the Brownsville Community Center in Brooklyn, New York. There she was active in the United Christian Youth Movement after its founding in 1935. In 1938, Dorothy Height was one of 10 young people selected to help First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt plan a World Youth Conference. Through Roosevelt she met Mary McLeod Bethune and became involved in the National Council of Negro Women. Also in 1938, Dorothy Height was hired by the Harlem YWCA. She worked for better working conditions for black domestic workers, leading to her election to YWCA national leadership. In her professional service with the YWCA, she was assistant director of the Emma Ransom House in Harlem and was later executive director of the Phillis Wheatley House in Washington, D.C. Dorothy Height became national president of Delta Sigma Theta in 1947, after serving for three years as vice president. National Congress of Negro Women In 1957, Dorothy Heights term as president of Delta Sigma Theta expired. She was then selected as the president of the National Congress of Negro Women, an organization of organizations. Always as a volunteer, she led NCNW through the civil rights years and into self-help assistance programs in the 1970s and 1980s. She built up the organizations credibility and fund-raising capacity such that it was able to attract large grants and therefore undertake major projects. She also helped establish a national headquarters building for NCNW. She was also able to influence the YWCA to be involved in civil rights beginning in the 1960s and worked within the YWCA to desegregate all levels of the organization. Height was one of the few women to participate at the highest levels of the civil rights movement, with such others as A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King, jr., and Whitney Young. At the 1963 March on Washington, she was on the platform when King delivered his I Have a Dream speech. Death Dorothy Height died on April 20, 2010, in Washington, D.C. She neither married nor had children. Her papers are archived at Smith College and the Washington, D.C., headquarters of the National Council of Negro Women. Legacy Dorothy Height traveled extensively in her various positions, including to India, where she taught for several months, Haiti, and England. She served on many commissions and boards connected with womens and civil rights. She once said: We are not a problem people; we are a people with problems. We have historic strengths; we have survived because of family. In 1986, Dorothy Height became convinced that negative images of black family life was a significant problem. She founded the annual Black Family Reunion, an annual national festival, as a result. In 1994, President Bill Clinton presented Height with the Medal of Freedom. When Height retired from the presidency of the NCNW, she remained chair and president emerita. She wrote her memoirs, Open the Freedom Gates, in 2003. Over her lifetime, Height was given many awards, including three dozen honorary doctorates. In 2004, 75 years after rescinding its acceptance, Barnard College awarded her a B.A. Sources Fox, Margalit. Dorothy Height, Largely Unsung Giant of the Civil Rights Era, Dies at 98. The New York Times, April 20, 2010.  Dorothy Height, godmother of civil rights, dies at 98. CNN, April 21, 2010.  Height, Dorothy. Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.NYU Steinhardt and U.S. Postal Service Celebrate Civil Rights Activist Dorothy Height. NYU Steinhardt News, February 2, 2017.  Rodgers, Ann. Obituary: Dorothy Height / Godmother of the civil rights movement. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 21, 2010.

Marijuana the Good Part - 1506 Words

Marijuana is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known. No one has ever died from an overdose, and it has a wide variety of therapeutic applications: Relief from nausea and increase of appetite; Reduction of eye pressure; Reduction of muscle spasms; Relief from mild to moderate chronic pain. Marijuana is frequently beneficial in the treatment of the following conditions: AIDS. Marijuana can reduce the nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite caused by the ailment itself and by treatment with AZT and other drugs. Glaucoma. Marijuana can reduce eye pressure, thereby alleviating the pain and slowing -- and sometimes stopping -- the progress of the condition. (Glaucoma is the leading†¦show more content†¦However, Congress still has the power to reschedule marijuana via legislation, regardless of the DEAs wishes. In 1975, Robert Randall, who suffers from glaucoma, was arrested for cultivating his own marijuana. He won his case by using the medical necessity defense, forcing the government to find a way to provide him with his medicine. As a result, the Investigational New Drug (IND) compassionate access program was established, enabling some patients to receive marijuana from the government. The program was grossly inadequate at helping the potentially millions of people who need medical marijuana: Most patients would never consider the idea that an illegal drug might be their best medicine. Most patients fortunate enough to discover marijuanas medicinal value did not discover the IND program. Most of those who did learn of the program could not find doctors willing to take on the arduous task of enrolling in and working through the IND program. In 1992, in response to a flood of new applications from AIDS patients, members of the Bush administration closed the program to all new applicants. On December 1, 1999, the Clinton administration implemented its medical marijuana policy restating that the IND program would not be reopened (as well as making medical marijuana research more difficult than ever). The IND program remains in operation only for the eight surviving previously approved patients. There is tremendousShow MoreRelatedMarijuana Dangerous To Your Physical Health Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesRecreational use of marijuana has been going on for many years, and like cigarettes many people refuse to listen to health reports. More and more reports are coming out on the effects of marijuana on the body. Just how harmful marijuana can be is questionable. Some health reports state that it is very detrimental to the body while others are explaining how chemicals extracted from the marijuana plant are being used as medication. 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It is theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreIssue on Marijuana Essay example658 Words   |  3 PagesLegalization of Marijuana in the United States is an ongoing topic that has been going on for several years. There are vast majority of Americans who are for this move and against this move. While each side has several good arguments to defend their case, neither one has a distinct advantage over the other. 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Week 2 Quiz Free Essays

. (TCO 2) Bubba’s Crawfish Processing Company uses a traditional overhead allocation based on direct labor hours. For the current year overhead is estimated at $2,250,000 and direct labor hours are budgeted at 415,000 hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Week 2 Quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Actual overhead was $2,200,000 and actual direct labor hours worked were 422,000. (a) Calculate the predetermined overhead rate. Rate, based on budgeted factory overhead cost and budgeted activity, that is established before a period begins. 2,250,000/415,000 Budgeted activity units used in the denominator of the formula, more often called the denominator level, are measured in direct labor-hours, machine-hours, direct labor costs, or production units. Read more: http://www. answers. com/topic/predetermined-overhead-rate#ixzz2NxCv9pKK (b) Calculate the overhead applied. Applied overhead = predetermined overhead rate x actual direct labor (c) Determin Prorate the overhead variance to the appropriate accounts 765 – 750 = variance of 15K Rate This Answer e the amount of overhead that is over/under applied. 2. TCO 2) Thibodeaux Limousine Corporation is trying to determine a predetermined manufacturing overhead. Estimated overhead for the upcoming year is $776,000. Budgeted machine hours are 105,000 hours, and budgeted labor hours are 17,500 hours at a rate of $10. 00 per hour. Compute the predetermined overhead rate based on: (a) Direct labor dollars Labor rate variance = (Actual hours worked ? Actual rate) ? (Actual hours worked ? Sta ndard rate) Read more at http://accounting4management. com/direct_labor_rate_variance. htm#pqUTOT7ClOOtMr4F. 99 (b) Direct labor hours (c) Machine hours 3. TCO 1) List and briefly describe four of the five differences between managerial accounting and financial accounting 4. (TCO 2)The following information is available for Sappy’s Surgical Shears for the fiscal year ending December 31, 20XX. Beginning balance in Finished Goods $ 17,000 Ending balance in Finished Goods 15,200 Beginning balance in Work in Process 2,500Ending balance in Work in Process 1,836 Selling expenses 123,000 General and administrative expenses 89,000Direct material cost 54,500 Direct labor cost 66,000 Manufacturing overhead 21,400 Sales 385,000 Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured. . (TCO 2) Match each of the following six terms with the phrase that most closely describes it. Each answer below may be used only once. Read also Quiz Week 4 2. ______ 1. activity-based costing ______ 2. cost of goods available for sale ______ 3. period costs ______ 4. process costing system ______ 5. just-in-time system ______ 6. work in process A) Costs assigned to the goods produced; also known as manufacturing costs (B) Materials costs that are not traced directly to products produced (C) System that seeks to minimize Raw Materials Inventory and Work in Process Inventory (D) Cost of items that are completed and transferred from Work in Process Inventory to Finished Goods Inventory (E) Costs that are identified with accounting periods rather than with goods produced (F) Actual overhead is greater than overhead that has been applied to products (G) Method of assigning overhead costs that uses multiple allocation bases (H) System that uses job-order sheets to collect costs for each individual job (I) Cost of all materials and parts that are directly traced to the items produced (J) Beginning balance in the Finished Goods Inventory plus c ost of goods manufactured (K) Overhead applied to products is greater than the actual overhead costs incurred (L) Used by companies that produce large quantities of identical items (M) Cost of all manufacturing activities other than direct material and direct labor (N) Inventory account that contains the cost of goods that are only partially completed 6. (TCO 2) Far Out Ceramics akes custom macaroni tile and applies job-order costing. The following information relates to the fiscal year ending December 31,20XX. Beginning balance in Raw Materials Inventory $ 12,500 Purchases of raw material 189,000 Ending balance in Raw Materials Inventory 14,300Beginning balance in Work in Process 24,500 Ending balance in Work in Process 23,100Direct labor cost 89,700 Manufacturing overhead applied 66,200 Actual manufacturing overhead 64,100Beginning balance in Finished Goods 28,900 Ending balance in Finished Goods 24,300Sales 432,000Selling expenses 120,000 General and administrative expenses 86,00 0 How much is cost of goods sold? 7. TCO 2) Match each of the six following terms with the phrase that most closely describes it. Each answer may be used only once. _____ 1. Direct costs _____ 2. Fixed costs _____ 3. Incremental costs _____ 4. Economic Resource Planning system _____ 5. Noncontrollable costs _____ 6. Opportunity costs (A) Costs that increase or decrease in total in response to increases or decreases in the level of business activity (B) Costs that are directly traceable to a product, activity, or department (C) Costs that a manager can influence (D) The difference in costs between decision alternatives (E) Costs incurred in the past that are not relevant to present decisions (F) Costs that cannot be influenced by a manager G) Financial plans prepared by management accountants (H) Value of the benefits foregone when one decision alternative is selected over another (I) Costs that cannot be directly traced to a product, activity, or department or are not worth tracing (J) Costs that do not change in total with changes in the level of business activity (K) These systems prepare a master production systems and all the support across the company. (L) Allows companies and suppliers to share information to improve efficiency in getting inputs. (M) Allows customer data analysis and support, often in online format for customers. 8. (TCO 3) The Marinade Department began the period with 150,000 units. During the period the department received another 180,000 units from the prior department and at the end of the period 112,000 units remained which were 17%complete. How much are equivalent units in The Marinade Department’s work in process inventory at the end of the period? (TCO 3) The Franc Zeppo Venture manufactures a product that goes through two processing departments. Information relating to the activity in the first department during April is given below: Work in process, April 1: 50,000 units (80% completed for materials and 60%completed for conversion. Work in process, April 30: 45,000 units (70% completed for materials and 60%completed for conversion. 4. The department started 380,000 units into production during the month and transferred 385,000 completed units to the next department. Compute and calculate the equivalent units of production for the first department for April, assuming the company uses the weighted-average method of accounting for units and costs. 1. Question : (TCO D) A company that has a profit can increase its return on investment by Student Answer: increasing sales revenue and operating expenses by the same dollar amount. increasing average operating assets and operating expenses by the same dollar amount. increasing sales revenue and operating expenses by the same percentage. decreasing average operating assets and sales by the same percentage. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 12 2. Question : (TCO D) Given the following data, what would ROI be? Sales $50,000 Net operating income $5,000 Contribution margin $20,000 Average operating assets $25,000 Stockholder’s equity $15,000 Student Answer: 10% 20% 16. 7% 80% Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 12. ROI = Net operating income / Average operating assets = $5,000 / $25,000 = 20. 0% 3. Question : (TCO D) Given the following data: What is the return on the investment (ROI)? Sales $50. 000 Net operating income $5,000 Contribution margin $20,000 Average operating assets $25,000 Stockholder’s equity $15,000 Student Answer: 10% 20% 16. 7% 80% Instructor Explanation: ROI = Net operating income / Average operating assets = $5,000 / $25,000 = 20. 0% How to cite Week 2 Quiz, Essay examples

Flaws of the Death Penalty Essay Example For Students

Flaws of the Death Penalty Essay Capital Punishment has been part of the criminal justice system since the earliest of times. The Babylonian Hammurabi Code(ca. 1700 B.C.) decreed death for crimes as minor as the fraudulent sale of beer(Flanders 3). Egyptians could be put to death for disclosing the location of sacred burial sites(Flanders 3). However, in recent times opponents have shown the death penalty to be racist, barbaric, and in violation with the United States Constitution as cruel and unusual punishment. In this country,although laws governing the application of the death penalty have undergone many changes since biblical times, the punishment endures, and controversy has never been greater. A prisoners death wish cannot grant a right not otherwise possessed. Abolitionists maintain that the state has no right to kill anyone. The right to reject life imprisonment and choose death should be respected, but it changes nothing for those who oppose the death at The death penalty is irrational- a fact that should carry considerable weight with rationalists. As Albert Camus pointed out, Capital punishment.has always been a religious punishment and is reconcilable with humanism. In other words, society has long since left behind the archaic and barbous customs from the cruel eye for an eye anti-human caves of religion- another factor that should raise immediate misgivings for freethinkers. State killings are morally bankrupt. Why do governments kill people to show other people that killing people is wrong? Humanity becomes associated with murderers when it replicate their deeds. Would society allow rape as the penalty for rape or the burning of arsonists homes as the penalty for arson? The state should never have the power to murder its subjects. To give the state this power eliminates the individuals most effective shield against tyranny of the majority and is inconsistent Family and friends of murder victims are further victimized by state killings. Quite a few leaders in the abolishment mo vement became involved specially because someone they loved was murdered. Family of victims repeatedly stated they wanted the murderer to die. One of the main reasons- in addition to justice- was they wanted all the publicity to be over. Yet. if it wasnt for the sensationalism surrounding an execution, the media exposure would not have occurred in the first place. Murderers would be quietly and safely put away for life with absolutely no possibility for parole. The death penalty violates constitutional prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. The grotesque killing of Robert Harris by the state of California on April 21,1992, and similar reports of witnesses to hangings and lethal injections should leave doubt that the dying process can be- and often is-grossly inhumane, regardless of The death penalty is often used for political gain. During his presidential gain, President Clinton rushed home for the Arkansas execution of Rickey Ray Rector, a mentally retarded, indigent b lack man. Clinton couldnt take the chance of being seen by voters as soft on crime. Political Analysts believe that when the death penalty becomes an issue in a campaign, the candidate favoring capital punishment almost inevitably will benefit. Capital punishment discriminates against the poor. Although murderers come from all classes, those on death row are almost without exception poor and were living in poverty at the they were arrested. The majority of death-row inmates were or are represented by court-appointed public defenders- and the state is not obligated to provide an attorney at all for appeals beyond the state level. The application of capital punishment is racist. About 40 percent of death-row inmates are black, whereas only 8 percent of the population as a whole are black(Flanders 25). In cases with white victims, black defendants were four to six times more likely to receive death sentences than white defendants who had similar criminal histories. Studies show that t he chance for a death sentence is up to five to ten times greater in cases with white victims than black victims(Flanders 25). In the criminal justice system, the life of a white person is worth more than the life of a black person. The mentally retarded are victimized by the death penalty. Since 1989, when the Supreme Court upheld killing of the mentally retarded, at least four such executions .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a , .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .postImageUrl , .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a , .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a:hover , .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a:visited , .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a:active { border:0!important; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a:active , .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub77bc8d77f156d8e038c2910f3c6d75a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Promoting the Erie Canal Essay

How to Tie a Saree Essay Example

How to Tie a Saree Paper How to Tie a Saree BY Rav422 Demonstration Speech General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on how to wear a saree. Central Idea Statement: A saree can seem overwhelming to drape and wear right; however, with the right instructions, it is quite easy to attain an elegant look. Audience Statement: Women Indian or non-lndians who wish to wear a saree Introduction l. A saree is a traditional piece of clothing in India. II. Many people find it quite hard to wear it the right way, people including myself. Ill. A saree is a long piece of cloth, usually around 4. 3 yards, which makes it all the harder to handle and put on correctly. V. For people wearing the saree for the first time, it can be very confusing as to how to wrap the saree around the body the right way. V. A saree can seem overwhelming to tie and wear right; however, with the right instructions, it is quite easy to attain an elegant look. Body l. The saree has three parts that include a blouse, an underskirt called the petticoat, and the saree itself. II. The first step is putting on the petticoat and blouse. A. The length of the petticoat, to be worn underneath the saree, should be from the waist down to your ankle. A. l . It should have a drawstring so that it can be fastened around the waist. B. The blouse that you will wear with the saree should be close-fitted and its length should end Just below the bust. 8. 1 . It can be with or without sleeves. B 2 There are various types ot blouse necklines you can choose trom prior to getting it stitched. Ill. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Tie a Saree specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How to Tie a Saree specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How to Tie a Saree specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second step is to put on and drape the saree itself. A. Take one end of the saree and neatly tuck it into the petticoat around the waist from right to left. A. l . Make sure that the lower end of the saree is touching the floor slightly. B. Resume from the place where the saree tucking has Just ended and now start making pleats in the saree from there. 8. 1 . Make about five to six pleats in the saree, each of them with a width of five inches should be enough. 8. 2. Make sure that the pleats you have made are neat and of equal length. 8. Hold them all together so that they fall straight and even. 8. 4. Then tuck the pleats into the petticoat slightly left of the navel. 8. 5. Also make sure that the pleats are turned in the left direction. 8. 6. Pleating the saree is the most difficult aspect for those learning how to drape the saree. C. The portion of the saree left after the pleating is called the pallu. C. I . Now gather the pallu and place it over the left shoulder. C. 2. The upper border of the saree should slant across the bust from under the right arm to over the left houlder. C. 3. The pallu should touch your fingertips as it falls evenly behind you. C. 4. You can prevent it from slipping off by fixing it at the shoulder to the blouse with a small safety pin. Conclusion l. At first, learning how to drape a saree can seem intimidating and difficult. II. It may seem like a lot of confusing wrapping going on when draping the saree, but once you get the right instructions and an idea of how it works, it becomes more manageable. Ill. With some practice, you can easily attain an elegant look when wearing a saree.

Histroy of Mesopotamia essays

Histroy of Mesopotamia essays In this research paper, you will learn about 5 interesting topics covering Mesopotamia. The topics you will learn about are Sargon The Great, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, The Code of Hammurabi, King Nebuchadnezzar, and Cuneiform Writing. Hammurabi was a Babylonian king. He was the greatest ruler in the first Babylonian dynasty. He reigned from about 1792-1750 BC. He extended his empire northward from the Persian Gulf through the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys and westward to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Hammurabi feared god. Hammurabi was remembered for his codification and laws governing Babylonian life. Hammurabi made a law system that is known as The Code of Hammurabi. The Code of Hammurabi was based on an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." This code offered protection to all classes of Babylonian people. Hammurabis code was created to prevail, and to destroy wicked evil. The codes were written on an eight foot high stone monument, so that everyone would see them and read them. His laws clearly distinguished between the three classes of people: freemen, serfs, and slaves. The fees and punishments were often very different between the classes of people. The laws brought all of Babylon under a uniform legal system. The laws protected the weak from the strong, and regulated business and land ownership. In 1901-1902 a few French archaeologists found a copy of the code. The code consisted of 282 laws. One of the laws is 19. If he holds the slaves in his house, and they are caught there, he shall be put to death. Because 13 is considered an unlucky number, there is no 13th law in the code. The Code of Hammurabi was not the first actual law system. But the law system that was most remembered. Many of Hammurabis laws turned out to be exact copies of earlier Sumerian laws. His code if the best preserved legal document giving us an idea of the life and social structure of the people du...

Evalutale the policies governemets may adopt to overcome market Essay

Evalutale the policies governemets may adopt to overcome market failures arising from the production and consumption of demerit goods - Essay Example Consumption of alcohol by teenagers also makes their parents incur huge medical expenses when the teenagers get sick. Demerit goods can be over consumed in a free market (Kohls 2003, p. 54). It is important to note that a factor that may lead to individual overconsumption is the lower cost of production because the costs are shared with third parties. People also consume more goods compared to what the society produces due lack of regulations that may restrict them. Overconsumption can be reduced with government interventions. For instance, the government can intervene using the market-based approaches such as taxes and subsidies (Owen 2004, p. 128). It can also intervene through command and control strategies such as regulations. Awareness programs and persuasion can also be used to reduce overconsumption and overproduction. The government may impose taxes on demerit goods in order to internalize the externalities caused by the goods. It may impose the taxes indirectly on the organizations. For example, a firm that releases pollutants in a river may be taxed. The tax imposed on such firms should be equal to the external costs incurred by third parties. The external costs incurred by the third party may include medical bills resulting from taking the polluted water from the river. This means that the harms caused by the pollutants produced by the firm are the externalities (Kazi 2008, p. 410). In order to tax such firms effectively, the government should ensure that the taxes imposed on the firms are equal to the harm. The process will discourage them from producing the pollutants because the cost of production for the company will increase (Grant & Vidler 2003, p. 76). In addition, firms will be hindered from producing large quantities of goods that harm the health of individuals. This will in turn help in reducing the quantity of demerit goods produced by the taxed

Critically discuss the developments in banking regulation that have Essay - 1

Critically discuss the developments in banking regulation that have been, and continue to be, put in place as a result of the ec - Essay Example A track record should be kept so that similar incidences are not replayed in a given economy. However, this has not always been the cases. Various financial crises have often been recurrent due to the poor response mechanisms by the local and at times the international regulatory agencies. Failures of various governments in managing trade liberalization. The governments in these cases have failed to properly introduce their national economy into the international capital market (Raghavan, 1998). An important point to note in the issue of the economic and financial crises is that they are similarly characterized in both the developed and the developing countries. The causal factors and the manifestation of the economic crises are more or less the same across all the economies in the world (Raghavan, 1998). There are also some lessons that can be learned from the global financial and economic crises and that can be used to provide an insight into the possible preventive and management mechanisms for future crises. One lesson is that it is not appropriate to make changes in the financial system of a given country when the country is already experiencing a crisis (Raghavan, 1998). It was also observed that ‘when currency turmoil is associated with financial difficulties, raising interest rates may simply worsen the situation by bringing about widespread corporate and bank insolvencies’ (Raghavan, 1998). Besides, it has also been noted that it is often a big loss to a given economy if the currency in the economy loses value in the international money market when it had international creditors (Raghavan, 1998). 2. Causes of an economic and financial crisis The proper management of financial crisis requires a thorough understanding of the possible causes of the crises and the features characteristic of such situations. A reduction in the average income caused by underemployment or unemployment increases the poverty level among a given population. This cou pled with an increase in the cost of living like food prices and other human needs provides a proper avenue for an economic crisis (Raghavan, 1998). The situation then worsens and can only be redeemed by addressing unemployment issues, lowering interest rates, expanding liquidity and increasing public expenditure by the governments (Raghavan, 1998). 3. Developments in banking regulations The banking regulatory measures are aimed at strengthening the global capital in order to have a flexible banking industry. The regulatory developments aim at improving the ability of the banking industry to absorb stress that follows a given financial stress so that the overall effect is not felt on the economy. The efforts also aim at ensuring proper governance and developing techniques for risk management by the banking institutions. The regulations ensure that transparency and accountability are manifested by the banking institutions. They outline the appropriate procedures for market disclosure s by the financial institutions to enable the investors build confidence in the banking institutions. The crises that have been witnessed gave out a picture of what the regulatory bodies have been in the recent past and that led to their failures in mitigating the crises. The characteristics of the crises showed that there were no proper techniques for prudential regulations by the regulatory bodies. Firstly, it was observed that the regulatory procedures were not sufficient enough in managing

Animal Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal Testing - Essay Example On the other hand, those who oppose also comprise individuals, organizations, and non-government organizations. Their arguments are equally sound and authentic. Scientific institutions have used mice, guinea pigs, horses, and other animals to develop medicines. Apart from the issue of using these animals, there is also the matter of the way these animals are treated. Their condition before, during and after the experiments are conducted need looking into. Animals are living beings. They have a life cycle. It is the responsibility of the institutions that conduct experiments on them to also see that these animals lead their lives in the normal process after the experiments with them are done. Take for instance the condition of horses after they are used for the purpose of developing medicines for snake bites treatment. The process is long and painful. These horses lose their original vigor and become very thin. The life span of the horses also decreases as a result of this process. Similarly, there are other animals which go through the same fate and ultimately face death. It is not possible to do away with tests on animals for conducting research on medications. Much as we may argue on behalf of animals, it is quite clear that someone has to "bite the bullet." It is not possible to make medicines without first checking them up on animals.

Effects of Strikes Businesses

Effects of Strikes Businesses I. Introduction Boycotts and lockouts are two other anti-impasse weapons sometimes used by labour and management. An impasse occurs when the parties arent able to move further toward settlement. The principal weapons of offense employed by labor organizations in the warfare against employers are the strike and the boycott. According to the Dessler G. (2008), Strike is a withdrawal of labor. (p.619). A strike is defined as a temporary stoppage of work by a group of workers (not necessarily union members) to express a grievance or enforce a bargaining demand. Foster A. (2004). Strikes first became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became important in factories and mines.(Setiawan 2009) Responses to strike involve shutting down the factory, contracting work, continuing the operations, or changing the employees. Third party involvement namely, arbitration, fact-finding, or mediation- is one alternative. (Dessler G. 2008). Employer and employees have their own solutions to break this impasse. Employer can answer to the strikes by lockouts. A lockout is a refusal by the employer to provide opportunities to work. It sometimes locks out employees and prohibits them from doing their jobs (and getting paid). (Dessler G. 2008, p 621). Employees can organize a corporate campaign by making a boycott. Boycott -the combined refusal by employees and other interested parties to buy or use the employees products. (Dessler G. 2008, p 620). Firstly the term boycott appeared in the in Ireland in the 1800, because of the real person Charles Boycott, an Englishman who was responsible for supervision of land. His tenants asked him to lower their rents, he refused to do so, and turn out them, and after this the tenants organized a first boycott, denying him goods and services. His crops rotted in the fields because he had no farm workers, he stayed without any food, and found himself supersede from the community. After th is case this term word quickly spread to other languages and regions of the world as well. (What is boycott?) This paper will consists of the three parts: the first part is introduction, in the second part there will be presented examples of boycotts and lockouts, their analysis and recommendations as part of HR team, and the final part is conclusion, with references and bibliography at the end of the report. II. Labor Strikes and Lockouts Three main forms of boycott exist. The first one is consumer boycotts, in which customers are encouraged to stop purchasing from a targeted company. The second form of boycott occurs when businesses withhold their patronage from other businesses. Finally, the term boycott is sometimes used to describe an employee protest, known as labor strike. (Boycotts: Encyclopedia of Business). In this paper there will be discussed third type of the boycott- labor strike. 2.1 Supermarket employee strike in the Califirornia 2.1.1 Description of strike In 2003, California has the longest supermarket employee strike and lockout in Unite States history. That action led to a nearly five month long supermarket strike and lockout, and it didnt have such strike from 1978. This strike touched four biggest supermarkets in the California: Vons, Albertsons, Ralphs and Pavilion, which is owned by Safeway. These chains have more than 850 shops in all the state. More than 70,000 United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) picketed outside their stores for almost five months. When this happened, Ralphs and Albertsons supermarkets locked out their workers without giving legal notice. Among demand of the employees were: reduction in employer contributions to the workers health insurance plan, as well as a two-tier wage structure under which new hires would be paid far less than their co-workers and obtain health and pension benefits. (Milkman R. (2004) 2.1.2 Claims of strikers Employees of these chains wanted an increase in salary and also they stroked against decreasing of medical and pensions grants. Management of these chains wanted to put biggest part on social obligations on workers, and to pay medical insurance by employees. Management of these shops referred to the depression in the economics of state and decreasing of the profit. Also one of the points in protest of employees was introducing to the corporate practice the emulative methods, like in the analogical chain Wal-Mart. Strikers made a condition to pay weekly medical insurance in amount of the 5 dollar for each employee and also pay weekly to the family members in amount of the 10 to 15 dollars and to increase a salary on 1.5 dollar to first year employees and on 45% to the rest of the employees. 2.1.3 Response to strike by employer Employer can answer to the strikes by lockouts as well as such steps as shutting down the factory, contracting work, continuing the operations, or changing the employees. (Dessler G. 2008). In this case when the union started to strike only the Safeway-owned stores, Kroger and Albertsons immediately announced they would lock their workers out. All three chains started to hire thousands of replacement workers well in advance of the strike deadline. They agreed to share any profits for the duration of the conflict (Milkman R. 2004) 2.1.4 Result of strike The 2003-year is remembered as huge strike and lockout in Americas history. Two parties came to an agreement, that union and supermarkets will force workers to pay part of the cost for health coverage, and to make any rose in the contract. After this strike chains and employees all had losses. Many workers went into heavy money owing while they were on the strike and some even stayed without houses. Employers introduced a two-tier system that provides dramatically inferior pay, health insurance and other benefits, under which those hired after the strike received significantly less in both wages and benefits than current workers. The chains suffered too, losing more than one billion dollars in sales, and form another side the ales of the competitors such as Wal-Mart increased by the 11 percent. Beyond the financial figures, many people say the strike has had a lasting effect on their shopping habits. Many shoppers say they stopped going to the big three markets and never went back. ( Effects of the Southern California grocery strike still felt, one year later) 2.2 Lockout at Bosch plant in India 2.2.1 Description of lockout The management of Bosch, the Indian subsidiary of Germanys Bosch Group and the manufacturer of automotive components, declared an indefinite lockout of all employees from the plant operations at its Jaipur plant on 12th of December. The Jaipur plant has 1,200 employees and manufactures pumps for use in tractors and commercial vehicles. The lockout decision was taken because of the continuing illegal and unlawful strike by the employees and which is prohibited by the government of Rajasthan. (Bosch announce lockout at Jaipur Unit. 2008). 2.2.2 Result of lockout The Bosch Group biggest international companies in the world and promotes the principles of fairness; justice and transparency of the group in all its locations around the world. The Bosch group also encourages cordial industrial relations at all its plants across the globe. In the case of Jaipur plant, the company tried all possible legal options to settle this problem but left with no option due to non-cooperation from the striking union members. Even after many conciliatory meetings, the union representatives showed reluctance to cooperate. The union members also resorted to violent means to prevent movement of vehicles to the plant and scuttle the production process. Hence, the company is forced to take decision to lockout. (Machinists-Lockout declared at Bosh Jaipur Plant -Labor Union continuous strike). The Mico Bosch Labour Union has been on an indefinite strike at the Jaipur plant since November 10 causing revenue loss to the company and the government. (Bosch announce lockou t at Jaipur unit. 2008). 2.4 Analysis and Recommendations In the place of HR Management, the first step that should be undertaken by the management is to improve the communication between the workers and their employers. If employees understand that their employers are really in trouble, then they will be less likely to mistrust their employers. But, if the grocery chains are still getting the substantial profits despite the competition, then it will be hard for them to give a good reason for cutting benefits. Professional negotiators can also help the parties reframe their understanding of the conflict, thus enabling them to pursue their mutual interests and possibly find a good solution. If this will not help, HR Management should as for a help a third sider- mediator, who could be a lawyer or a union leader. If mediation is unsuccessful, workers may have to take the conflict to the government. The only methods for getting the government interested in the conflict are through lobbying and a publicity campaign.. (Cate Malek 2005) III. Conclusion: Boycotts and lockouts are two other anti-impasse weapons sometimes used by labor and management. As it was already described, a strike and boycotts is organized work initiated by the employees for the purpose of enforcing their demands or a resisting demand of the employer. A lockout is a work initiated by the employees for the purpose of enforcing his wishes regarding relationship with employees or resisting their demand. It have seen in the examples shown above, that after the using the strike by the employees, management answered by a lockout tactics. However, as part of the management it should not be a supporters the strikes and lockouts, because it removes the source of profits and injures company. Firstly it makes serious harm to property of the company, the law breaking, and if there is an employees win in the strike, labor cost makes a serious item in the budget of employer. Thus, better to spend money on labor costs that spend more money during the strike or lockout and lose the customers. It is clear, that during this conflicts both sided are suffered and lose more than either side can hope to gain. However strikes have some obvious advantages to the public. First of all strike are resulted in raising the living standards of many people, because in the strikes labor usually insist on improving something, necessity of change is a good thing. From the employees point of view it increases wages, decrease working hours and makes better working conditions. References: 1. Dessler G.(2008), Human Recourse Management, Pearson International Edition, 11th Edition, Pp 619-621 2. Scott Nearing, Frank Dekker, , Watson, Carl Linn Seiler(1923). Economics, BiblioLife LLC, Web: 3. What is boycott? [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-boycott.htm 4. Boycotts: Encyclopedia of Business. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/boycotts#historical-overview#historical-overview 5. Effects of the Southern California grocery strike still felt, one year later- KEGS.com Palm Spring. (2004), [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.kesq.com/Global/story.asp?S=2416131nav=9qrxRsYB 6. Foster A. (2004), Major Work Stoppages in 2003, Bureau of Labor Statistics. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cb20041119ar01p1.htm 7. à Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ : à Ã¢â‚¬Å"уà Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ º.(2003), [Online], Accessed on: 10/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.finiz.ru/news/article661847 8. Lessons of the California Supermarket Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on, http://www.lrp-cofi.org/PR/strikePR70.html 9. Milkman R. (2004), Supermarket Workers Union Falls in California, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on : http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/articles_2004/supermarket_union_failure_california.html 10. Cate Malek (2005), Labor Conflicts: The case of Two Supermarkets Strikes, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.beyondintractability.org/case_studies/Labor_Conflicts.jsp?nid=5103 11. Machinists-Lockout declared at Bosh Jaipur Plant -Labor Union continuous strike. (2008) [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=1822Itemid=2 12. Bosch announce lockout at Jaipur unit. (2008). [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=343017 13. D. Setiawan (2009), Advantages and Disadvantages of Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: Advantages and Disadvantages of  Strikes Bibliography: 14. Dessler G.(2008), Human Recourse Management, Pearson International Edition, 11th Edition, Pp 619-621 15. Scott Nearing, Frank Dekker, , Watson, Carl Linn Seiler(1923). Economics, BiblioLife LLC, Web: 16. What is boycott? [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-boycott.htm 17. Boycotts: Encyclopedia of Business. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/boycotts#historical-overview#historical-overview 18. Effects of the Southern California grocery strike still felt, one year later- KEGS.com Palm Spring. (2004), [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.kesq.com/Global/story.asp?S=2416131nav=9qrxRsYB 19. Foster A. (2004), Major Work Stoppages in 2003, Bureau of Labor Statistics. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cb20041119ar01p1.htm 20. à Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ : à Ã¢â‚¬Å"уà Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ à Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’ Ñ  à Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ º.(2003), [Online], Accessed on: 10/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.finiz.ru/news/article661847 21. Lessons of the California Supermarket Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on, http://www.lrp-cofi.org/PR/strikePR70.html 22. Milkman R. (2004), Supermarket Workers Union Falls in California, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on : http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/articles_2004/supermarket_union_failure_california.html 23. Cate Malek (2005), Labor Conflicts: The case of Two Supermarkets Strikes, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.beyondintractability.org/case_studies/Labor_Conflicts.jsp?nid=5103 24. Machinists-Lockout declared at Bosh Jaipur Plant -Labor Union continuous strike. (2008) [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=1822Itemid=2 25. Bosch announce lockout at Jaipur unit. (2008). [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=343017 26. D. Setiawan (2009), Advantages and Disadvantages of Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: Advantages and Disadvantages of  Strikes

lord of the files :: essays research papers

lord of the files Science 10 ecology project ① Extinction of species  A species becomes extinct when its last representative dies.  Extinction is forever - Once a species become extinct will never been seen again.  This has happened quite a lot of times on Earth.  Due, in many cases, to colonization and hunting by humans.  People feel that extinction is very sad, and try to protect life-forms on the brink of extinction by naming them "endangered species" and being nice to them.  Each living organism which humans force into extinction is a tragedy for nature.  Over fishing or excessive hunting by humans can reduce the populations of certain organisms on Earth.  Animals are hunted for their fur, meat or other valuable parts of their bodies. http://www.galactic-guide.com/articles/2R84.html http://www.saburchill.com/hfns02/chapters/chap019.html 1. lost of habitat  Sometimes human activities destroy the habitats of living organisms. The habitat of an organism is its home: where it lives, feeds, and reproduces.  Many species have become extinct because humans have destroyed or modified their habitats, polluted their environment  Human influences on the environment can be considered as being influences on the habitats of living organisms.  Any time humans alter the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere or biosphere, habitats are modified  Survival can become more challenging (or even impossible) for the organisms which live there.  When hunters miss their target, the lead shot which comes out of the gun is left behind in nature. Lead is a toxic metal.  The main component of a panda's diet is bamboo. Bamboo forests have been cut down by humans for centuries. http://www.saburchill.com/hfns02/chapters/chap020.html http://www.saburchill.com/hfns02/chapters/chap021.html 2. lost of biodiversity  This collection of vastly varied living organisms is our planet's biodiversity.  The richest parts of the planet's biodiversity are also the least well-known. It is estimated that 97% of all species on Earth live in the oceans below the zone where sunlight penetrates the water.  On the continents, it is estimated that 50% of all land-dwelling species live in tropical rainforests.  Throughout the history of the Earth, as new species evolve, other species become extinct. Overall, as time has progressed, there are more and more different kinds of organisms.  Human activities today are exterminating species up to 10 times faster than they would naturally disappear.  As the numbers of people increase, the numbers of species decrease.  http://www.saburchill.com/hfns02/chapters/chap024f.html 3. Introduction of exotic species  Humans have helped to spread many species across the world.  More often, however, species are introduced accidentally and have a negative impact.  Plant species used in agriculture, for example, have been deliberately introduced to new areas by humans.  Sometimes wild animals are introduced for hunting as a sport.

History of Garde Manager

The History of Garde Mange Aaron avers The garde manger profession began with peoples need to preserve food. The practice of food preservation is very much older than the term garde manger. In medieval times, castles and large homes were equipped with underground larders, or cold food storage rooms. The food storage areas in these castles and manor houses were usually located in the lower levels, since the cool basement-like environment was ideal for storing food. These cold storage areas developed over time into the modern cold kitchen. In France, the larder was called the garde manger.So one meaning of the culinary term garde manger can be a person in charge of cold foods preparation and preservation. Today, in the industry, I have been taught that the garde manger is now referred to as the â€Å"pantry chef. † Garde manger is also known as the place in which cold foods are prepared and stored, and the person or chef of cold foods preparation. Garerde Manger was being used l ong before it was a commonly used term. Perishable foods like meat and fish were dried in the sun or packed with salt to preserve them. The first dependable method of preserving foods was actually drying. Also you can read about  History of the Culinary Arts.Smoking foods was derived from placing the meat on poles over a smoky fire to prevent insects and other animals from feeding while it was curing. Farming families began using spices along with the salt, and discovered that tough meats can be tenderized. In the Middle Ages and in the early renaissance, foods that were prepared for the upper classes were overly complicated and heavily spiced. La Varenne, a French chef with Italian influences, went against medieval tradition,    and stressed the importance of natural flavors and lighter sauce.Salads and vinaigrettes took the place of heavier cooked foods and became the standard side to roasted meats. It was at this point that the role of garde manger expanded from food preserva tion to the actual preparation of all cold foods consumption, moving them out of the basement and into the kitchen. By the end of the twentieth century the prepackaging of our industry has allowed some great advances in garde manger. Garde manger, â€Å"keeper of the food†, or pantry supervisor, refers to the task of preparing and presenting cold foods.These typically include such food items as salads, hors d'? uvres, cold soups, aspics, and charcuterie. Larger restaurants and hotels may have the need for the garde manger to perform additional duties, such as creating elements for buffet presentation like edible centerpieces made from materials such as ice, cheese, butter, salt dough or tallow. In most modern kitchens the garde manger is synonymous with pantry chef, having duties focusing on salads, soups, cold food items, and dessert plating’s. It is usually the entry level line cook position within a restaurant.The term â€Å"garde manger† originated in pre-Re volutionary France. At that time, maintaining a full supply of food was a symbol of power, wealth and prestige. Noble families had a household steward who would manage their cold store room. The steward was referred to as the â€Å"officer de bouche†, a title that was eventually replaced with â€Å"garde manger†. This position was extremely important, because most of the food was butchered, pickled, salted, cured, or smoked during the fall season and stored for months, all the way into the spring months.It is because of this duty of supervising the preserving of food and managing its use that many interpret the term â€Å"garde manger† as â€Å"keeping to eat†. The position of â€Å"butcher† first developed as a specialty within the garde manger kitchen. As both the cost of and demand for animals for food increased, more space was required for the fabricating and portioning the raw proteins. This need for space was due not only to an upswing in the number of protein sales, but also to the need for separating raw proteins from processed foods to avoid cross-contamination and the resulting possibility of food borne illness.Special â€Å"butcher shops† were created where portion sizes, product deployment, and temperature could be highly controlled. Today butcher shops exist both as standalone establishments and alongside kitchens in large hotels, country clubs and high volume restaurants. Modern garde manger can refer to different things in the professional kitchen. In many restaurants it is a station which is generally an entry level cooking position within the restaurant, as it involves preparing salads or other smaller plates which can be cooked and plated without significant experience.In other high-profile classically influenced restaurants and hotels, the position pertains to the classical preparations. Today Garde Manger is referred to as â€Å"The Art of the Cold Kitchen†. Some may even say it is the arts a nd crafts of the culinary industry. Today's Garde Mangers must behold more than simple food preservation skills. They must have the knowledge and skills to create everything as small as a batch of mayonnaise to something as large and elaborate as ice carving. Some food establishments use the word pantry instead of Garde Manager.Some may even refer to it as the salad station†¦ the list goes on and on. In the restaurant scene the Garde Manger's job is typically plating salads and preparing cold appetizers. In some situations it may even be their job to plate desserts. Some find the experience of working in the Garde Manger extremely challenging and stimulating that they often decide to make it their life long career. The skills needed for the Garde Manger are so extreme that it is often the walkway that leads some to the path of being a great chef, possibly even a famous chef.

The Grapes of Wrath: A Warning to the System

The Grapes of Wrath, author John Steinbeck create s and shifts tone to show the failure of the economic system and how that failure causes people's anger anger to grow inside them, like grapes, growing ripe for harvest. At the beginning of the chapter, the tone is positive. He describes California in the spring, using positive diction such as â€Å"beautiful† and â€Å"full green hills† (Paragraph 1).H e also describes al of the crops, how the tree limbs â€Å"bend gradually under the fruit† because t here is so much of it. Steinbeck makes nature seem perfect; the hills are â€Å"round and soft as break SST† and the men are â€Å"of understanding and knowledge† (paragraphs 2 and 3). He creates a sense o f hope which is only to be destroyed later on in the chapter. In paragraph 5, the fruit begins t o ripen. This is when money is introduced: â€Å"Hell, we can't pick ‘me for that. † Right away, with the nit reduction of money, the tone s hifts from positive to negative.Words such as â€Å"hell† and cool Ours like â€Å"black† and â€Å"red† are used. The reason for this shift in tone IS because the starving pee people are angry because there is an over abundance of food that is just being wasted. Paragraph pH 12 simply says â€Å"And the smell of rot fills the country. † This describes all of the wasted food, the e word â€Å"rot† insinuates that the economic system stinks. Sanchez 2 The last few paragraphs are a warning to the system. In paragraph 13, Steins eek uses parallelism: â€Å"Burn coffee for fuel in the ships [s] laughter the pigs and bury t me† (paragraph 13).He does this to emphasize how this was deliberately being done just so a profit could be made. He writes about how crime â€Å"goes beyond denunciation† (paragraph 14) . People are so desperate for food that they are willing to do anything to get it. Children die b cause â€Å"a profit cannot be take n from an orange. † All of these horrible things lead up to the la SST paragraph of the chapter; the warning to the system. People are trying to fish for potatoes that have just been dumped in the river, but the guards hold them back.They are trying to grab t he dumped oranges, â€Å"but the kerosene is sprayed. † Eventually, the hungry become furious. Food the at they could be eating is being wasted simply because a profit cannot be made from it. Their anger IS growing inside of them like the â€Å"grapes of wrath,† growing ripe for the harvest. The book title itself is used in this chapter. It is used to describe how people's wrath is growing like grapes, â€Å"growing heavy for the vintage. † This indicates that some wing big is going to happen: the harvest.

Language in Literature †English Essay

Language in Literature – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Language in Literature English Essay Refer to Toolan (2001) and conduct a trait analysis of a least three of the characters in Fowles’ The French Lieutenant’s Woman. Specify a list of what you take to be the most crucial features/attributes that distinguish particular characters. What are the most important ways they differ? What are the narratively significant differences? Would you say that Fowles prefers indirectness in presenting a character, or an authoritative ‘telling’ of how a character is? Are there differences between the characters in the mode of presentation? How do you explain this? The French Lieutenant’s Woman : main characters and secondary characters. The theory of the trait analysis as the departure point of a complete literary investigation. A literary text appears to the reader as a mysterious world, as a walk in the fog and sometimes it seems very difficult to escape from that darkness. A superficial approach to a book or a text in general, may obviously create some effects of unfamiliarity with the topic of the book. The main aim of the reader is to find out the light in that darkness and rebuild the logic road the writer is trying to give us . What I am going to focus on, in this essay, is: the analysis of The French Lieutenant’s Woman that represents a good example of complex novel with a very articulated story, the concept of main characters and secondary characters , the ways they differ and their relevant peculiarities, referring to Stockwell’s two levels of the text to find some analogies between the concepts of main and secondary characters and the division between ground and figures, and in conclusion Toolan’s trait analysis and if there could be any restriction to applying it to diffe rent characters. The French Lieutenant’s Woman is one of the greatest Fowles’ works. It is set in Victorian England and deals with the love affair between a former governess, Sarah Woodruff and Charles Smithson, a nobleman. Charles is already engaged with Ernestina Freeman, who is the daughter of a rich shop owner. They were planning their life together and their marriage, but Sarah seduces Charles. He does not realise completely her true personality and that she is still virgin and what kind of secret she is keeping. The story of the French soldier, in fact, was only a lie to emancipate her from the Victorian age. Sarah is a very persuasive figure and convinced, in the second part of the book, Charles to forsake the position and the honour the Victorian society planned for him. Fowles’ novel is a faithful imitation of the typical Victorian novels, such as T. Hardy’s ones . It also represents a good example of complex literary text. A complex text, such as Fowles’s one, with an articulated story is defined a novel. A novel is composed by some elements; one of them is the setting. In The French Lieutenant’s Woman the setting is constituted by the social Victorian background. This social situation is characterised by some conventions everyone has got to follow, but also by all those characters that are not fore grounded through remarkable features and for this reason are the part of the background, as passive elements. The men are expected to be real gentlemen with a very high knowledge and good skills, interested in a lot of subjects and clever. From the relational point of view, a real Victorian gentleman must be cold enough but brilliant at the same time, for brilliant I mean a mixture of skills and nuances in order to appear always learned, polite, and a man who always knows what to say and to do in each life situation. If we take into consideration Charles’ uncle, we can draw a very easy analysis of his crucial points, features, and attributes: he is the typical Victorian man, proud of his successes, cold, learned and that kind of man who shows everyone his own knowledge and life culture. The author presents him boring as well ‘His uncle bored the visiting gentry interminably with the story of how the deed had been done’ . Another crucial feature in a literary text is the concept, the peculiarities and the role of the characters. They are the central element in a story because thank to them everything changes, moves and every situation develops. As a consequence, since they are the principal first movers of the story-telling mechanism, the complete comprehension will be linked to their comprehension. Thus the importance of the role of the characters is that they occupy a central position because they have got the power of creating changes, and movements and all the narration develops around them. To understand a character means to analyse it very particularly from all the points of view. The characters may also be influenced in their decisions and actions by the setting, and realise their actions taking into consideration the setting background . For example, Sarah, in the second part of the book, appears strong, persuasive and courageous. The point is that the situations require that and she has to fo llow the stream of the story. The relation with the setting may lead to a categorisation of two types of characters: main characters and secondary characters. The main characters are those who are highlighted in the story through the attribution of remarkable features or are strictly linked to those ones who have such features8. The secondary characters are linked to the setting and occupy quite static roles. Sometimes they could be included in the setting. It would be wrong to consider Sarah as a secondary character because the categorisation of the two types of characters must be justified on the base of the effective kind of link between the character and setting, and not on the base of what the stream of the story implies. Stockwell’s theory of the two levels8 is very useful to justify this difference between the main characters and the secondary characters. Two levels in the narration can be distinguished: The level of the ground, occupied by static elements such as the setting and the secondary characters, and the level of the figures, occupied by all those features that are fore grounded in a text, and these figures are the main characters. In the story, for example, who has got the control of the situation is Sarah that reveals her to be the protagonist with her strength and the great quantity of skills she can use, such as persuasive skills, argumentative skills, courage and humility. Further, she is the mover of the story who changes the situations from the static and boring development towards a dramatic end. The fore grounding of Sarah is perfectly created by Fowles by the attributions to her of some specific features and by creating at the beginning of the book (in which the straightfor ward side of Sarah does not appear yet) a mysterious halo around her figure . A good analysis of a literary text implies the distinction between: The ground level and the figures level. What Stockwell has mentioned is this real separation of the two levels, but what he has not specified in an explicit way, is that these two levels intersect each other as it is explained in Toolan’s trait analysis theory , creating, this way, a complication of the text. Actually Sarah presents some attributes but if not put those in the setting, the basic level of characterisation would be sterile and the fore grounding absolutely absent. But also if the reader confuses the two levels or he has not got a clear vision of what features distinguish one level from the other one, he would fall down in a misunderstanding of the text The French Lieutenant’s Woman offers itself a good example of the characteristics of the ground and the figures. At the beginning of the book we can note that almost all the characters have the same features. Only Sarah is out of this scheme, which appears deeply shy, in need, and absolutely anonymous. But these points, in relation with the ground, make her relevant and fore grounded from the common features background. Charles, his uncle, Mrs. Poulteney, Ernestina appear as the incarnation of the Victorian principles: lazy, bored, and extremely cared about their social position. This flattening of the characters with the setting background permits to categorise them as secondary. In Chapter six, Mrs Poulteney is deeply superficial, she is interested in Sarah’s education, her behaviours and her social level, rather than in helping her. Charles’ uncle appears cold and superficial as well, for example, when he has to recover his kindness of heart . Ernestina is the typical young lady of the Victorian age, who would like to escape from her reality composed only by coldness and conventions, but she has no strength to realise it. It is very clear this attitude of her at the beginning of the book where Fowles says: ‘Ernestina had exactly the right face of her age’; the main characters differ from the secondary one for the grade of fore grounding in the story. When we read a literary text we face a reality that sometimes might seem us very difficult to understand, confusing and in some cases deviant. What is the reason of these estrange feelings? Taking into consideration The French Lieutenant’s Woman, at the beginning of the book we find a presentation of all the characters, their crucial features, and the most relevant attributes. Going on with the reading we consolidate those ideas that we have created about some or all the characters and we start having some considerations about them, their behaviours, their ways to approach the life. In the second part of the book, we find a shifting in the narration of the events and we can find ourselves in a state of confusion: the characters do not look like as at the beginning and maybe someone might think to have lost some parts of the narration. This phenomenon is very common reading a literary text, above all if approached to complex texts with articulated stories. This happens general ly with a superficial reading, which does not permit us to assimilate all those relevant points that constitute the logical key of interpretation. Interpretation in fact means to assimilate, to understand deeply. The interpretative key in a literary text is constituted by understanding different elements such as the ground and the figures. These elements are the product of a very cared process of creation that involves very strict rules. A novel, actually, represents a creative process of a sort of reality that is strictly linked to the one of the reader. That is the possible world of the fiction, a world that has got a lot of analogies with the real one . The reader, generally, tends to categorise all the fictional features in some real categories. This process is originated from the simplifier spirit of the human mind. The problem is if that categorisation is useful for the complete comprehension of a text or it is only a deviant and apparently simplifier process. There are two contrasting positions among the analysts: the psychological one that claims to extend a psychological analysis to the characters of one book as real people, and the structuralist one that considers the characters and the features of a book as literary products. It should be useful and easier to adopt, by contrast, the theory described by Toolan, which assumes that the literary reality is modelled on the basis of the author’s perception of the real world . Surely it is linked to the real world but not dependant on it. A good comprehension of a book is l inked to these differentiations between real and fictional world. In The French Lieutenant’s Woman, the reader should distinguish the link with the real Victorian reality. The setting, the characters, the background are created only on the basis of the author’s vision, an idealised vision. Only after categorising the author’s vision of that reality in the reader’s own knowledge background, there can be a valid and acceptable comprehension. We can understand, at this stage, that a literary text is characterised by several double levels. Double level of importance for the characters and double level for the possible world. Toolan’s theory can merge the two double levels and solve the discrepancies that can rise comparing each level. The trait analysis theory involves a supervisor, which, in the case of The French Lieutenant’s Woman, is the narrator. He has got the power of giving the characters more or less predominance, through the features and the attributes. When the reader approaches the characters, has to identify the attributes referring to them (basic level of the analysis). After a general consideration of the features, he has to link those attributes to a common background. The background could be the readers’ own knowledge about the topic of the book or the setting background of the story. Linking those features to his own background, the reader obtains a resolution of the discrepancies between the reality and the fictional world. Connecting, on the other hand, the characteristics to a setting background, the reader can achieve the solution of the problematic comprehensi on about who is the main or the secondary character. If extended to The French Lieutenant’s Woman, the trait analysis reveals very interesting points. Taking into consideration characters such as Ernestina and Mrs Poulteney, first the reader should list all the crucial features and attributes. Ernestina appears as a conformist, deeply weak, and without any psychological strength, she is overwhelmed by all the events and accepts everything the destiny planned for her without any hesitation. Mrs Poulteney appears conformist and really cared about her social position and what people may think about her as well. By contrast, she is deeply different, compared to Ernestina. She has got a social position and the support of the society. Her only worry is to keep such a good reputation. Yet, Charles’ uncle is conformist as well, lazy and without any strength to contrast the Victorian conventions. Once listed the crucial attributes, if categorised in the reader’s knowledge background about the topic, the link and the interpretative key could be found easily in order to understand the different levels and not to confuse them. The reader, through the trait analysis, is able to do a separation between the characters’ features and the real world reality, taking into consideration that the characters’ features are only the product of an idealised vision of the author . By the contrary, if the reader connects those characteristics to a setting background he will find that the main characters are highlighted in the plot and the secondary one are on the same level of the setting. The only one deviant element in the comprehension process could be the way the author describes the characters. Fowles, in fact, uses an authoritative ‘telling’ about the characters’ peculiarities. For example, in chapter three for the description of Charles’ uncle, in chapter six for the description of Mrs Poulteney, and in chapter twelve for the characteristics of Ernestina. His authoritative telling can make the reader think that his thoughts are not an idealisation of the Victorian society but an absolutely-right truth. Fortunately, the trait analysis is capable to solve this problem as well. In conclusion, the trait analysis is the most complex technique, but also the most interesting and useful, to conduct an analysis of a literary text, starting from the analysis of the characters. It could seem very difficult at the first sight because it implies a lot of care towards all the most important narrative elements. Before starting conducting the most important part of that analysis, the analyst should analyse very carefully the attributes and the peculiarities of the setting, the characters, the style, the way the author presents the plot in general. In fact, it analyses the text in two moments: the basic moment, in which all the clear attributes are listed and highlighted and the more specific one that involves the categorisation of them. The categorisation involves, in its turn, two levels, the one referring to the importance of the characters and the one referring to the distinction between the reality and the fictional world. From the analysis of The French Lieutenantà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Woman it results obvious how this investigation can be extended to all the narrative features, both main and secondary characters, all the kind of settings and even to the narrative strategies the narrator adopts. The trait analysis does not imply any restriction in this sense. The main and the secondary characters differ, each other, on the basis of the role they play in the plot. The secondary characters are part of the static background, but that does not mean that they have less importance, from the point of view of the organisation of the narrative material. The composition of the figures of the secondary characters requires a lot of care. The analysis just conducted, can evidence that even the secondary characters are important, maybe more important than the main ones because only taking into consideration their features the reader can draw the crucial trait of the main characters and highlight them. The trait analysis, to conclude, involves different narrative featur es of a literary text and it is able to link them and to find connections among them to investigate in a detailed way the organisation of the literary material. Words: 2.960 Bibliography: Fowles, J. (2004) The French Lieutenant’s Woman London: Vintage. Semino, E (1997) Language and World Creation In Poems and Other Texts. Longman Stockwell, P. (2002) Cognitive Poetics: An introduction. London: Routledge The literary encyclopaedia, available at [www.literaryencyclopaedia.com] Toolan, M. (2001) Narrative, a critical linguistic introduction. 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Preparing and exam taking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Preparing and exam taking - Research Paper Example Preparation for exams starts during the first class. The classes that the student attend, various contributions made in class by the students, and assignments that students complete will help in preparing for any questions that an examiner may set in the future (Kesselman-Turkel & Peterson, 2010). The semester involves the addition of information to a students’ knowledge base. Essay questions normally involve information that one may have found irrelevant during class, which could be used as a supporting point to the thesis. Students who are involved in class have to cram less than those who skip class. Students should also note the topics that the lecturer finds interesting. Not surprisingly, the specific topics noted make up a significant proportion of the exam that the lecturer administers (Kesselman-Turkel & Peterson, 2010). Thus, it is important to note the topics in which the lecturer spends more time discussing. This will aid students in remembering important highlights when preparing for an exam. The students should also keep their syllabus. Losing the course syllabus is a big mistake since it is an important paper. It aids the students in organizing the information that they take in and will give the students ideas regarding the topics that the exam will emphasize. The syllabus will also act as a guide when studying for the exam. The students should also add notes to the syllabus as the lessons progresses, circling themes, topics, and books that appear most likely to be contained within in the exam (Kesselman-Turkel & Peterson, 2010). In addition, participation in class is a good way of preparing for exams. It aids the students in being better acquainted with the course material, as well as letting the lecturer know the areas that students are interested while in class. Test grades seem to reflect one’s attendance in class and the

Glass ceiling and glass border are terminologies often used to Essay

Glass ceiling and glass border are terminologies often used to describe barriers women might face in the labour market. Do we see any evidence of these barriers disappearing - Essay Example Since little is known about these challenges, there is a lack of coping strategies developed to avert them. This deficiency in coping strategies limits the availability of opportunities for women’s progression to senior management positions by creating both covert and overt barriers (Donald and Hartmann, 2005, p.478). However, with the advent of globalization, issues of gender equity and gender equality are progressively gaining popularity (Donald and Hartmann, 2005, p.480). This has resulted in an increase in women’s participation in the labor force as they progressively get acceptance in professions, careers and occupations previously reserved for men. However, most of the results from the efforts fall short of set targets and expectations (Thomas and Sally, 2005, p.490). This has necessitated a proper understanding of the covert and overt barriers to women’s progression to top management positions. The slow but progressive disappearance of these barriers will form the major part of this document. IHRM is a practice that encompasses all the activities revolving around coordinating employees and their efforts towards attaining pre-determined goals and objectives at a global scale (Thomas and Sally, 2001, p.89). IHRM also entails the process of sourcing for human resources, allocating them appropriate roles, and effectively putting their skill sets to use to maximize on the organizational effectiveness and efficiency of international firms (Thomas and Sally, 2001, p.89). The term â€Å"glass ceiling† is used to describe the invisible and intangible barrier that prevents women or ethnic minorities from getting into top-level management in a hierarchical system (Olga and Rà ­o, 2012, p.160). A glass ceiling can also be defined as a set of attitudes that fosters the unjust prevention of women and ethnic minorities from getting into highly influential positions (Olga and Rà ­o, 2012, p.163). In most organizations, the existence of the discriminatory barrier in