Piagets 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Explained

Piagets 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Explained Theories Developmental Psychology Print The 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Background and Key Concepts of Piagets Theory By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 12, 2019 Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget's Theory Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Support and Criticism In This Article Table of Contents Expand How Piaget Developed the Theory The Stages Important Concepts View All Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.?? Piagets stages are: Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 yearsPreoperational stage: ages 2 to 7Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up Piaget believed that children take an  active role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world. As kids interact with the world around them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held ideas to accommodate new information. Illustration by Joshua Seong,  Verywell How Piaget Developed the Theory Piaget was born in Switzerland in the late 1800s and was a precocious student, publishing his first scientific paper when he was just 11 years old. His early exposure to the intellectual development of children came when he worked as an assistant to Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon as they worked to standardize their famous IQ test. Much of Piagets interest in the cognitive development of children was inspired by his observations of his own nephew and daughter. These observations reinforced his budding hypothesis that childrens minds were not merely smaller versions of adult minds. Up until this point in history, children were largely treated simply as smaller versions of adults. Piaget was one of the first to identify that the way that children think is different from the way adults think. Instead, he proposed, intelligence is something that grows and develops through a series of stages. Older children do not just think more quickly than younger children, he suggested. Instead, there are both qualitative and quantitative differences between the thinking of young children versus older children. Based on his observations, he concluded that children were not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently. Albert Einstein called Piagets discovery so simple only a genius could have thought of it. Piagets stage theory describes the  cognitive development of children.  Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities.?? In Piagets view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses to changes in mental operations. The Stages Through his observations of his children,  Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages: The Sensorimotor Stage Ages: Birth to 2 YearsMajor Characteristics and Developmental Changes:The infant knows the world through their movements and sensationsChildren learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listeningInfants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence)They are separate beings from the people and objects around themThey realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them During this earliest stage of cognitive development, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. A childs entire experience at the earliest period of this stage occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses. It is during the sensorimotor stage that children go through a period of dramatic growth and learning. As kids interact with their environment, they are continually making new discoveries about how the world works. The cognitive development that occurs  during this period takes place over a relatively short period of time and involves a great deal of growth. Children not only learn how to perform physical actions such as crawling and walking; they also learn a great deal about language from the people with whom they interact. Piaget also broke this stage down into a number of different substages. It is during the final part of the sensorimotor stage that early representational thought emerges. Piaget believed that developing  object permanence  or object constancy, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, was an important element at this point of development. By learning that objects are separate and distinct entities and that they have an existence of their own outside of individual perception, children are then able to begin to attach names and words to objects. The Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development The Preoperational Stage Ages: 2 to 7 YearsMajor Characteristics and Developmental Changes:Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms. The foundations of language development may have been laid during the previous stage, but it is the emergence of language that is one of the major hallmarks of the preoperational stage of development.?? Children become much more skilled at pretend play during this stage of development, yet continue to think very concretely about the world around them.   At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people. They also often struggle with understanding the idea of constancy.For example, a researcher might take a lump of clay, divide it into two equal pieces, and then give a child the choice between two pieces of clay to play with. One piece of clay is rolled into a compact ball while the other is smashed into a flat pancake shape. Since the flat shape  looks  larger, the preoperational child will likely choose that piece even though the two pieces are exactly the same size. Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development in Young Children The Concrete Operational Stage Ages: 7 to 11 YearsMajor Characteristics and Developmental ChangesDuring this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete eventsThey begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for exampleTheir thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concreteChildren begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle While children are still very concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they become much more adept at using logic.?? The egocentrism of the previous stage begins to disappear as kids become better at thinking about how other people might view a situation. While thinking becomes much more logical during the concrete operational state, it can also be very rigid. Kids at this point in development tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts. During this stage, children also become less egocentric and begin to think about how other people might think and feel. Kids in the concrete operational stage also begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions. The Concrete Operational Stage in Cognitive Development The Formal Operational Stage Ages: 12 and UpMajor Characteristics and Developmental Changes:At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problemsAbstract thought emergesTeens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoningBegin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information The final stage of Piagets theory involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas.?? At this point, people become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them. The ability to thinking about abstract ideas and situations is the key hallmark of the formal operational stage of cognitive development. The ability to systematically plan for the future and reason about hypothetical situations are also critical abilities that emerge during this stage.   It is important to note that Piaget did not view childrens intellectual development as a quantitative process; that is, kids do not just add more information and knowledge to their existing knowledge as they get older. Instead, Piaget suggested that there is a  qualitative  change in how children think as they gradually process through these four stages.?? A child at age 7 doesnt just have more information about the world than he did at age 2; there is a fundamental change in  how  he thinks about the world. Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development Important Concepts To better understand some of the things that happen during cognitive development, it is important first to examine a few of the important ideas and concepts introduced by Piaget. The following are some of the factors that influence how children learn and grow: Schemas A schema describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. In Piagets view, a schema includes both a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge.?? As experiences happen, this new information is used to modify, add to, or change previously existing schemas. For example, a child may have a schema about a type of animal, such as a dog. If the childs sole experience has been with small dogs, a child might believe that all dogs are small, furry, and have four legs. Suppose then that the child encounters an enormous dog. The child will take in this new information, modifying the previously existing schema to include these new observations. What Role Do Schemas Play in the Learning Process? Assimilation The process of taking in new information into our already existing schemas is known as assimilation. The process is somewhat subjective because we tend to modify experiences and  information slightly to fit in with our preexisting beliefs. In the example above, seeing a dog and labeling it dog is a case of assimilating the animal into the childs dog schema. Assimilation and Jean Piagets Adaptation Process Accommodation Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information, a process known as accommodation. Accommodation involves modifying existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences.?? New schemas may also be developed during this process. The Role of Accommodation in How We Learn New Information Equilibration Piaget believed that all children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation, which is achieved through a mechanism Piaget called equilibration. As children progress through the stages of cognitive development, it is important to maintain a balance between applying previous knowledge (assimilation) and changing behavior to account for new knowledge (accommodation). Equilibration helps explain how children can move from one stage of thought to the next.?? A Word From Verywell One of the most important elements to remember of Piagets theory is that it takes the view that creating knowledge and intelligence is an inherently  active  process. I find myself opposed to the view of knowledge as a passive copy of reality, Piaget explained. I believe that knowing an object means acting upon it, constructing systems of transformations that can be carried out on or with this object. Knowing reality means constructing systems of transformations that correspond, more or less adequately, to reality. Piagets theory of cognitive development helped add to our understanding of childrens intellectual growth. It also stressed that children were not merely passive recipients of knowledge. Instead, kids are constantly investigating and experimenting as they build their understanding of how the world works. What Is the Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development?

Analysis of Orwells Coming up for Air and 1984

4. On the surface, Coming Up for Air and 1984 are completely different thematically, as one deals squarely with the past and the other is firmly concerned about the future. A deeper probe reveals striking similarities in the way Orwell perceives the effects of war on an individual and collective psyche. Reading both of these novels in tandem reveals the way World War Two solidified many of Orwells beliefs about totalitarian governments and the pitfalls of modernity. Moreover, Orwell seems convinced that society is headed down the wrong road. Orwell uses the past to send a warning about the future in Coming Up for Air, and that warning is articulated and expressed with full force in 1984. One of the main differences between Coming Up for Air and 1984 is that the former is concerned more with the ravages of capitalism, industrialization, and urbanization; whereas the latter is concerned more with totalitarianism and the failure of democracy. Another difference is that Winston in 1984, and eventually Julia also, completely distance themselves from the past. The past is being continually rewritten with the help of tools like the memory hole and the agencies like the Ministry of Truth and Ministry of Love. In fact, the memory hole in 1984 contrasts sharply with the memory lane nostalgia that encapsulates George Bowlings search for inner peace and identity. Yet both novels show that the past does not necessarily have a bearing on the future. The past controls Bowlings life,Show MoreRelatedAldous Huxley And Orwell s Dystopian Dispute1882 Words   |  8 PagesHuxley and Orwell’s Dystopian Dispute This essay aims to note the various ways in which our modern times share, although diluted, notable aspects central to the dystopian cities in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and the setting called Oceania in 1894 by George Orwell. In both novels the reality of its citizens have been sculpted by a direct effort from the residing government. Their aim is principally at controlling the one facet that guides and motivates humans, their seeking of pleasure. TheirRead MoreApple Inc History4725 Words   |  19 Pagesthat the project was more of a hobby than a business venture at first. In Apple Confidential; The Definite History of the World’s Most Colorful Company he said â€Å"it never crossed my mind to sell computers. It was Steve who said, ’Let’s hold them in the air and sell a few.’†Along the way they had help with their ideas from members of the Homebrew Computer Club, a computer hobbyist group. Their first product the Apple I, a circuit b oard, was completed in early 1976. Originally Jobs and Wozniak each triedRead More PARADISE FLUBBED: Pynchon the New World Essay4618 Words   |  19 PagesPARADISE FLUBBED: Pynchon the New World When, in Gravitys Rainbow, A screaming comes across the sky, it is the sound of a V-2 rocket arcing up and over the English Channel.But the rockets vapor trail (which Pirate Prentice sees from kneedeep in the primordial mulch of his bananararium) points further on: over the Atlantic, on toward America, the New World, Tyrone Slothrops yearned-for, perhaps illusory home. The rockets path ends a fraction of an inch above the readers head, theRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescontributions to organization theory made by critical management studies. It really is pathbreaking in terms of its inclusion of material that does not appear in other texts. Professor Hugh Willmott, Cardiff Business School, UK This is one of the most up-to-date and comprehensive texts in the field of organization studies. It takes the reader through different perspectives and various topics on management and organizing, discussing these in some depth and detail. It offers a historically grounded, critical-reflexive

The, Misery, By Richard Farnsworth As Buster, And Frances...

Imagine being rescued after suffering a major car wreck, only to be kidnapped by your number one fan. Starring Kathy Bates as Annie Wilkes, James Caan as Paul Sheldon, Richard Farnsworth as Buster, and Frances Sternhagen as Virginia, Misery is a psychological thriller produced and directed by Rob Reiner. In this 1990 psychological thriller film you will experience thrill, action, suspense, despair and misery, all powered by composer Marc Shaiman and his use of music to set the mood for the audience. Films and movies are a composition of elements that make that essentially come together as one to form a piece of art. Although a film is not complete with missing elements, some elements when used out of place can break a movie. Some of these elements include, but are not limited to, a character’s costume and makeup, lighting, camera direction, acting, special effects, and, sound effects and music. In some films one element may be the overriding factor but when put together, these elements work together to please an audience. Each element on its own, has an important role it plays in the creation of a film or movie. In Misery, for example, the choice of music composition used for major scenes in the movie helps to build on the plot, suspense and rising action, on many other scenes, the fast paced music led to nail biting and hair pulling moments. Without the wise choice of the fast-paced string, Classical music, Misery would have not been the psychological thriller it

What Kind of Person Is an Overambitious Parent Free Essays

What kind of person is an overambitious parent Each and every person on this planet has some goals, ambitions, dreams. We all have this picture in our minds of how our life is supposed to be and we do everything we can to make it real. But a wise man once said that while we’re making plans, God is laughing. We will write a custom essay sample on What Kind of Person Is an Overambitious Parent or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not achieving the life you yearn often leads to negative emotions and depression. Some people learn to let go of their dreams and set new targets. Others never quite get over their failure and always seek ways to see their goal accomplished. Often, these people become overambitious parents. I have been a witness of what having an overambitious parent is like. One of my closest friends mother had always been very goal-oriented, but unfortunately fate had other plans for her. As a result, she tried to force her dreams on her two kids. She always pushed them to the limit, expecting them to excel in all areas of life. She rarely left them time (to)relax and have (maybe you can put free time for themselves) time for themselves. She expected only the best from them and when they didn’t manage to live up to her high standards, things always ended up with screaming and sobbing from both sides. Her way of â€Å"stimulating† them was to bring them down, telling them some pretty harsh words and constantly nagging. What she failed to grasp was that her kids were different from her, with different view of the world, their own opinion and ambitions. Their deepest yearnings weren’t the same as hers. In the end, all she wanted was to see them successful and fulfilled, but she couldn’t fully understand what was best for them and chose the wrong approach. What this type of parents fail to see is that they’re driving their kids away from home and are, sometimes, the cause of depression. Ambition is good, but there are borders to everything. We are all different, our destinies are different and no one should force us to choose another way in life. After all, we only get one chance in life. I give you and F+ because you said it’s a bad essay and mislead me into thinking that it’s actually going to be bad. Actually it’s a pretty good read and I don’t see any need to correct anything more or less. Vicky What kind of person is an overambitious parent Each and every person on this planet has some goals, ambitions, dreams. We all have this picture in our minds of how our life is supposed to be and we do everything we can to make it real. But a wise man once said that while we’re making plans, God is laughing. Not achieving the life you yearn often leads to negative emotions and depression. Some people learn to let go of their dreams and set new targets. Others never quite get over their failure and always seek ways to see their goal accomplished. Often, these people become overambitious parents. I have been a witness of what having an overambitious parent is like. One of my closest friends mother had always been very goal-oriented, but unfortunately fate had other plans for her. As a result, she tried to force her dreams on her two kids. She always pushed them to the limit, expecting them to excel in all areas of life. She rarely left them time to relax and have free time for themselves. She expected only the best from them and when they didn’t manage to live up to her high standards, things always ended up with screaming and sobbing from both sides. Her way of â€Å"stimulating† them was to bring them down, telling them some pretty harsh words and constantly nagging. What she failed to grasp was that her kids were different from her, with different view of the world, their own opinion and ambitions. Their deepest yearnings weren’t the same as hers. In the end, all she wanted was to see them successful and fulfilled, but she couldn’t fully understand what was best for them and chose the wrong approach. What this type of parents fail to see is that they’re driving their kids away from home and are, sometimes, the cause of depression. Ambition is good, but there are borders to everything. We are all different, our destinies are different and no one should force us to choose another way in life. After all, we only get one chance in life. How to cite What Kind of Person Is an Overambitious Parent, Essay examples

Legal Structure

Sole Proprietorship This is the simplest form of business organization with the least level of regulation. It is managed by the owner who controls the profits and the tax issues of the business. The proprietor controls every bit of the business till death after which the business can be inherited by family members. There is flexibility involved since the owner is capable of shifting to any business of his/her choice, provided there are benefits in terms of tax payment on assets (Ward 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the advantages of this legal structure is that it is easy to start since it requires low capital. This entity sometimes does not even require registration at the start depending on location. Registration is however cheaper as compared to other legal structures. The business tax is charged based on the same personal income tax form of the owner . Disadvantages of this structure are that the security of the entity is prone to risk due to poor decisions made by the proprietor. The owner assumes all the responsibilities of the business including debts which sometimes prove to be tedious. Failure to settle debts can lead to disposal of personal assets for the purposes of clearing the debts. The disadvantage of this kind of legal entity is that all the assets face the risk of being disposed after the owner’s death. The business is further risky when facing any kind of law suit, since this may lead to disposal of all assets related to the proprietor. The proprietor faces a lot of liability risks which calls for registration of several insurance policies to ensure safety (Ward 1). General Partnership This is the situation whereby two or more people come together with the aim of doing a business. Each partner within this coalition has got the right to exercise control over management of the affairs of the business. This is defined by the level of each partner’s investment within the coalition. The liabilities of the business are equally shared amongst the partners, even if only one of them is the cause of the mistake. To avoid unnecessary risks all the people involved in the partnership register their business as a Limited Liability Partnership with the government. The personal tax liability of each partner is determined by the ratio of the partner’s share of income and losses from the firm (Ward 2). Limited Partnership This is the legal structure whereby one contributes with minimal involvement in the activities of the business. Limited partners are never involved in the management of the business entity; the liability of limited partner to the firm is based on individual’s percentage of investment in the business (Ward 2).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Limited Liabilit y Company This is the type of entity that runs in more similar way as a corporation. Its operations lie in between partnership and corporation since its ownership is by either one or more members. The owners are considered the interest holders who exercise full control over the management decisions. The contributions of the members cannot be easily lost since the entity runs its business even after the withdrawal of some shareholders. The business is governed by some kind of agreement which determines the characteristics of the LLC including rights and powers of members and administration team (Ward 2). Advantages and disadvantages of Partnerships In this case the liability burden experienced on sole proprietorship is reduced. The working relationship amongst the partners forms the strength of these partnerships. The success of these partnerships is based on the willingness of its members to share freely decisions and different talents they posses. In this legal structure, overall t ax returns are not signed twice but done based on the financial information of the partnerships and individual income of the partners. It is easier to challenge any wrongful decision or act by any of the partners, one partner can be held responsible for any wrong move. One of the disadvantages is that partnerships can always turn disastrous especially when the partners want to dissolve the business (Ward 2). Corporation This type of legal entity is where the ownership is separated from its shareholders who happen to be the true owners of the business. However, the business entity under corporation continues to operate irrespective of the status of its owners. This type of entity comprises of the management board which include shareholders and board of directors who are appointed by the owners. In this kind of business, it is not possible to recover debts from the management team. It is the shareholders responsibility to pay debts and repay loans owed by the corporation (Ward 3). One of the characteristics of this entity is that none of the members can be held responsible for any kind of losses. This makes it one of the most expensive and difficult businesses to run and operate. It is easier for the individuals to enter into contracts using the general name of the corporation and also members’ liability is restricted to the level of shares held by each individual (Ward 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The level of personal liability involved in any kind of legal structure makes it very unfavorable to many. Different levels of taxation determine the choice of business legal structure by individuals or groups. It is always the responsibility of business owner to decide on the type of business structure that best answers his/her desires. Other factors affecting the choice of legal structure include corporate formalities and finances. Works Cited Ward, Susan. â€Å"Choosing a form of business ownership†. New York Times, 2010. Web. This essay on Legal Structure was written and submitted by user Sheva Callister to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Make Your Own Flash Paper (Nitrocellulose)

Make Your Own Flash Paper (Nitrocellulose) If youre a chemistry enthusiast with an interest in fire or history (or both), you probably ought to know how to make your own nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose is also known as guncotton or flashpaper, depending on its intended purpose. Magicians and illusionists use flash paper for a fire special effect. The exact same material is called guncotton and may be used as a propellant for firearms and rockets. Nitrocellulose was used as a film base for movies and x-rays. It may be mixed with acetone to make nitrocellulose lacquer, which was used on automobiles, aircraft, and musical instruments. One unsuccessful use of nitrocellulose was to make faux ivory billiard balls. The camphored nitrocellulose (celluloid) balls would sometimes explode upon impact, producing a sound much like that of a gunshot. As you might imagine, this didnt go over well in gunslinger saloons with pool tables. Its unlikely you will want to make your own exploding billiard balls, but you might want to try nitrocellulose as a model rocket propellant, as flash paper, or as a lacquer base. Nitrocellulose is extremely easy to make, but be sure to read through the instructions carefully before proceeding. As far as safety goes: Any protocol which involves strong acids should be performed by qualified persons wearing proper safety gear. Nitrocellulose cannot be stored for long periods of time, as it gradually decomposes into a flammable powder or goo (which is why many old films have not survived to the present day). Nitrocellulose has a low autoignition temperature, so keep it away from heat or flame (until you are ready to activate it). It does not require oxygen to burn, so once it ignites you cannot put out the fire with water. With all that in mind, heres how you make it. Key Takeaways: Make Nitrocellulose or Flash Paper Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable polymer. It is also known as flash paper, guncotton, or flash string.All you need to do to make nitrocellulose is treat cellulose with nitric acid or any other strong nitrating agent. The cellulose can come from paper, cotton, wood, or other plant matter.Nitrocellulose was first made by Alexander Parkes in 1862. This was the first man-made plastic, which was named Parkesine.While useful as a plastic, nitrocellulose is equally popular for its flammability. Flash paper burns almost instantaneously and leaves no ash residue. Nitrocellulose Materials Christian Friedrich Schà ¶nbeins procedure has been widely used. It calls for 1 part cotton to 15 parts acid. concentrated nitric acidconcentrated sulfuric acidcotton balls (almost pure cellulose) Nitrocellulose Preparation Chill the acids below 0 °C.In a fume hood, mix equal parts nitric and sulfuric acid in a beaker.Drop cotton balls into the acid. You can tamp them down using a glass stirring rod. Dont use metal.Allow the nitration reaction to proceed for about 15 minutes (Schà ¶nbeins time was 2 minutes), then run cold tap water into the beaker to dilute the acid. Allow the water to run for a while.Turn off the water and add a bit of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to the beaker. The sodium bicarbonate will bubble as it neutralizes the acid.Using a glass rod or gloved finger, swirl around the cotton and add more sodium bicarbonate. You can rinse with more water. Continue adding sodium bicarbonate and washing the nitrated cotton until bubbling is no longer observed. Careful removal of the acid will greatly enhance the stability of the nitrocellulose.Rinse the nitrated cellulose with tap water and allow it to dry in a cool location. Shreds of nitrocellulose will burst into flame if exposed to the heat of a burner or a match. It doesnt take much (either heat or nitrocellulose), so dont get carried away! If you want actual flash paper, you can nitrate ordinary paper (which is primarily cellulose) in the same manner as cotton. Chemistry of Making Nitrocellulose Nitrating cellulose proceeds as nitric acid and cellulose react to produce cellulose nitrate and water. 3HNO3 C6H10O5 → C6H7(NO2)3O5 3H2O Sulfuric acid is not required to nitrate the cellulose, but it acts as a catalyst to produce the nitronium ion, NO2. The first order reaction proceeds via electrophilic substitution at the C-OH centers of the cellulose molecules.

ESL Conversation Lesson Plan on Creating a New Society

ESL Conversation Lesson Plan on Creating a New Society This classic conversation lesson plan is based on the idea of creating a new society. Students must decide which laws will be followed and how many freedoms will be allowed. This lesson works well for ESL students of most levels (except beginners) because the subject brings out many strong opinions. Aim: Building conversation skills, expressing opinionsActivity: Group activity deciding on the laws for a new societyLevel: ​Pre-intermediate to advanced Lesson Plan Outline Help activate vocabulary by asking students which laws they admire most and least in their own country - and why.Divide students into groups of 4 to 6. Try to include as many different personalities as possible in each group (to provide for more stimulating discussion!).Explain the following situation to the class: A large area of your country has been set aside by the current government for the development of a new nation. This area will include an invited international community of 20,000 men and women. Imagine that your group has to decide the laws of this new country.Distribute the worksheet and ask students to discuss the questions.Answer the worksheet as a class - ask the opinions of each group and leave ample time for discussion of differing opinions.As a follow-up activity, the class could discuss which laws and customs they would like to change in their own country. Scenario and Accompanying Questions Populate Ideal Land A large area of your country has been set aside by the current government for the development of a new nation. This area will include an invited international community of 20,000 men and women. Imagine that your group has to decide the laws of this new country. Questions to Ask Which political system will the country have?What will the official language(s) be?Will there be censorship?What industries will your country try to develop?Will citizens be allowed to carry a gun?Will there be the death penalty?Will there be a state religion?What kind of immigration policy will there be?What will the educational system be like? Will there be compulsory education to a certain age?Who will be allowed to marry?